Enoki mushrooms, a tasty selection frequently sold in grocery stores, were one of many first mushrooms examined for preventing cancer. Credit for discovering this medical benefit goes in significant part to Dr. Tetsuro Ikekawa, a former epidemiologist at the Investigation Institute of the National Cancer Center in Tokyo, Japan. He wondered why the cancer rates in the Nagano Prefecture of Japan were uncommonly low from 1972-1986, compared to surrounding provinces. Ikekawa found it absolutely was the middle of enoki mushroom farming. A cluster within the populace of Nagano died less frequently from cancer: enoki mushroom growers and their loved ones. Because so many enoki farmers gave their staff the bruised or blemished mushrooms which were deemed unattractive to shoppers, these Nagano residents ate far more enoki mushrooms than their neighbors. Dr. Ikekawa surmised that their greater rate of enoki mushroom consumption linked with the lower cancer death rate in Nagano Prefecture. At the time of the investigation, the common cancer death rate in the Nagano prefecture was 160 per 100,000. This fee dropped to 97 per 100,000, fairly, in groups of enoki gardeners (Ikekawa, et al,,1989, 2003). Men's cancer fatalities diminished by 36.6 percent, and ladies in this chaos benefited from a 42.7 percent decrease in death from cancer. The populace base in this study was around 175,000 people and was age-adjusted. By contrast, america currently records 173 deaths from cancer per 100,000 at the time of 2009 (The Henry J. Kaiser Foundation). While you will find no groups of enoki farmers and enoki eaters to study in the U.S. like there are in Nagano, this Japanese study could inspire epidemiologists to study the effect of greater mushroom consumption. Such research might support the popular concept held by many mycologists and doctors that improved mushroom use may lower cancer death rates. Dr. Ikekawa's 1989 epidemiological research published by the Nagano Prefectural Research Institute of Rural Industry corroborated years of lab-scale study by Dr. Ikekawa and others. In a flurry of medical research -- sparked simply by Ikekawa's1969 article in Cancer Research on the cancer-fighting qualities of numerous premium mushrooms -- Japanese experts wanted to separate, clean, and identify the ingredients in enoki mushrooms that provided the anti-cancer effects. Their study dedicated to two courses of protein-bound polysaccharides: FVP (as in Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides, such as EA6), and FVE (for Flammulina velutipes components). As two new compounds -- flammulin and proflamin -- were isolated, a result of this investigation. Proflamin is just a glycoprotein, containing more than 90 percent protein and less than 10 percent carbohydrate with a weight between 13,000-17,000 Da. Especially, this molecule is orders of magnitude lighter compared to major beta glucan polysaccharides. Comparative tests of proflamin showed better resistant mitigated, cancer-fighting activity against cancer and other cancers compared to the well-known PSK isolated from chicken end (Trametes versicolor) mushrooms. (Ikekawa, et al., 1985). Last Year, the journal Immunology published a study showing that eating enoki extracts containing these materials significantly increased survival rates of mice infected with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), a leading cause of cervical cancer. Two sets of rats were contaminated with the HPV oncovirus, and one set was given an extract of enoki weeds. The good immune reactions were augmented from expansion of HPV particular interferon (IFN )-gamma-producing CD4( +) and CD8( +) T lymphocytes cells (Ding et. al., 2009). In a study by Yin et al. (2010), Chinese scientists found that three special beta glucans found in enoki weeds (beta-linked glucose, mannose, galactose and fucose carbs) caused a significant upsurge in cellular nitric oxide expression from murine peritoneal macrophages. Nitric oxide generation by immune cells is one of the key components which our bodies use to destroy diseased cells. Enhancement of those forms of immune responses is observed regularly with many therapeutic weeds which have been examined by cancer experts. Incredibly, enoki mushrooms don't have any cholesterol, vitamin A, or vitamin D. Enoki is also a rich supply of anti-oxidants, especially ergothioneines. These hydrophilic antioxidants are also richer in the mycelium substrate compared to collected mushrooms (Bao et al., 2010). The Double Morphology of Enoki Mushrooms Known colloquially as "winter," "golden needle," and "velvet foot" mushrooms, enoki mushrooms develop across much of the planet, inhabiting useless conifer bushes and stumps, and generally speaking appearing through the entire winter months and late fall. Even though common both in nature and in cultivation, enoki weeds (Flammulina velutipes, Flammulina populicola) can look different according to where they develop. In the open, an enoki mushroom is usually squat-looking and its base is seldom significantly more than doubly long whilst the top is wide.When they are grown by farmers and enthusiasts, but, their stems elongate, the caps are smaller, and a of golden colored needle-like mushrooms take up all at once. At their bases, stalks are decorated with darkish fur-like fuzz, thus the name "velvet foot." Financial Disclosure: Paul Stamets, creator of Growing Gourmet & Medicinal Mushrooms and mentor of mushroom cultivators world-wide, is also the Founder of Fungi Perfecti, LLC -- a company that supplies mushroom related products including whole, encapsulated powders, and extracts of weeds. Referrals Bao, H.N., Ochiai, Y., Ohshima, T., 2010. "Antioxidative activities of hydrophilic extracts prepared from the fruiting human anatomy and used culture medium of Flammulina velutipes." Bioresour Technol. Aug; 101( 15 ):6248-55. Epub 2010 Mar 25. Ding, Y., Seow, S.V., Huang, C.H., Liew, L.M., Lim, Y.C., Kuo, I.C., Chua, K.Y., 2009. "Coadministration of the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-Fve and a tumour-associated antigen increased antitumour immunity." Immunology. Sept; 128 (1 Suppl ):e881-94. Epub 2009 Mar 26. Ikekawa, T., Uehara, N., Maeda, Y., Nakanishi, M., Fukuoka, F., 1969. "Antitumor action of aqueous extracts of edible mushrooms." Cancer Research 29: 734-735. Ikekawa, T., Maruyama, H., Miyano, T., Okura, A., Sawaskai, Y., Naito, K., Kawamura, K., Shiratori, K., 1985. "Proflamin, a brand new antitumor agent: preparation, physicochemical properties and antitumor activity." Western Journal of Cancer Research 76: 142-148. Ikekawa, T., et. al., eds. 1989. "Twenty-years of Studies on Antitumor Actions of Mushrooms," Nagano Prefectural Research Institute of Rural Sector. Ikekawa, T. 1995. "Enokitake, Flammulina velutipes: Host-mediated antitumorpolysaccharides." Food Review International 11, 203-206. Ikekawa, T., 2001. "Beneficial aftereffects of medical and edible mushrooms on health care." International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 3: 291-298. Ikekawa T. 2003. "Beneficial Effects of Edible, Mushrooms and Medical, on Health Care in Japan," Proceedings of the International Holistic Health Summit, Bangalore, Asia. January 2003. Maruyama, H. and T. Ikekawa, 2005. "Combination Treatment of Transplanted Meth-A Fibrosarcoma in BALB/c Rats with Polysaccharide EA6 Isolated from Enokitake Mushroom Flammulina velutipes (W.Curt.:Fr.) Musician and Medical Excision" International Journal of Medical Mushrooms Volume 7 / Figures 1-2. Stamets, P., 2,000. Growing Gourmet & Medicinal Mushrooms. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, COLORADO. Stamets, P., 2005. "Notes on dietary properties of culinary-medicinal mushrooms." International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, vol. 7, p. 109-116. Yin, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, T., Tang, H., Wang, M., 2010."Purification, characterization and immuno-modulating properties opolysaccharides isolated from Flammulina velutipes mycelium." Am J Chin Med. 38( 1 ):191-204. China Pharmaceutical University, China. For more by Paul Stamets, click the link. For more on natural health, go here.
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